1. What is the purpose of machine-tools? 2. How are most machine-tools currently operated? 3. What features

Задача: Purpose and Operation of Machine-Tools

Объяснение:
Machine-tools are devices used to shape and manipulate materials, typically metal, to create various products. They serve several purposes, including shaping, cutting, drilling, and forming materials to specific dimensions and shapes. Additionally, machine-tools can be used for finishing surfaces, such as grinding or polishing.

Most machine-tools are currently operated through computer numerical control (CNC). This means that the machine is controlled by a computer program, which provides precise instructions for movements and operations. CNC machines offer increased accuracy, speed, and flexibility compared to traditional manual operation.

All machine-tools possess certain features. Firstly, they have a working part, such as a cutting tool or drill bit, which carries out the intended operation. Secondly, they have a power source, such as an electric motor, to provide the necessary energy for the machining process. Lastly, machine-tools have a control system that governs the movements and actions of the machine.

Cooling during machining is achieved through various methods. One common method is using coolant, typically a liquid such as oil or water, which is directed towards the cutting tool and workpiece to reduce heat and lubricate the cutting process. Coolant also helps to remove chips and debris from the cutting area.

Advancements have been made in other methods of machining, including the development of non-traditional machining processes. Examples of these advancements include laser cutting, electrochemical machining, and ultrasonic machining. These methods offer unique advantages and capabilities for specific applications.

Currently, various manufacturing systems are utilized, such as mass production, batch production, and just-in-time production. Each system has its own advantages and is suitable for different production requirements and constraints.

Lathes are machine-tools capable of producing several components, including cylindrical shapes, tapers, threads, and facing surfaces. The cutting tool on a lathe is moved using methods like manual control, automatic feed, or CNC programming, depending on the complexity of the operation.

In a lathe, the workpiece is secured using various methods such as clamps, chucks, or collets. These ensure that the workpiece remains in place during the machining process and is accurately positioned.

Rotational speeds of the workpiece can be adjusted on a lathe using the lathe's spindle speed control. This allows for controlling the cutting speed and achieving desired surface finishes or efficient material removal rates.

Пример:
A student is learning about machine-tools and needs to answer the questions provided as part of their homework. The purpose of machine-tools is to shape and manipulate materials, such as metal, to create various products. They are currently operated through computer numerical control (CNC). All machine-tools possess a working part, power source, and control system. Cooling during machining is achieved through coolant, which reduces heat and removes debris. Advancements have been made in non-traditional machining methods like laser cutting and electrochemical machining. Different manufacturing systems, such as mass production and just-in-time production, are utilized. Lathes are capable of producing cylindrical shapes, threads, and facing surfaces. They secure the workpiece using clamps, chucks, or collets. The rotational speed of the workpiece can be adjusted using the lathe's spindle speed control.

Совет:
To better understand the topic, it would be helpful to research and study the various types of machine-tools, their applications, and how they are used in different industries. Additionally, familiarizing yourself with the principles of machining, such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, will enhance your understanding of machine-tool operations. It is also beneficial to study real-world examples of machine-tool applications to grasp their practical significance.

Дополнительное задание:
What are the advantages of CNC operation compared to manual operation in machine-tools?