1. How are machine tools utilized? 2. What is the predominant method of powering machine tools in contemporary times?

Machine Tools Utilization:
Machine tools play a crucial role in the manufacturing industry. They are used to shape, cut, and fabricate various materials, such as metal, wood, and plastic, into desired shapes and sizes. Machine tools are utilized in a wide range of applications, including metalworking, woodworking, and fabrication industries. They allow for high precision and efficiency in manufacturing processes, enabling mass production of goods.

Predominant Method of Powering Machine Tools:
In contemporary times, the predominant method of powering machine tools is through electricity. Electric motors provide a reliable and efficient source of power for machine tools. They offer variable speed control, allowing operators to adjust the cutting speed based on the workpiece material and desired outcome. Electric-powered machine tools also tend to be quieter and have lower maintenance requirements compared to other power sources, such as hydraulics or pneumatics.

Features Included in All Machine Tools:
While specific machine tools may have additional specialized features, there are some common features found in all machine tools. These include a worktable or work surface where the material is placed, a cutting tool or tools for shaping or cutting the material, a power supply system, and a control system to regulate the machine"s operation. Additionally, machine tools often have mechanisms for adjusting the tool position, controlling the cutting speed and feed rate, and providing coolant or lubrication to reduce friction and heat.

Cooling Process for Cutting Tool and Workpiece:
During machining, the cooling process is crucial to prevent overheating and prolong the life of both the cutting tool and the workpiece. It is typically carried out using coolant or lubricants. These fluids are applied during the machining process to reduce friction, dissipate heat, and flush away chips or debris. Common cooling methods include flood coolant (where coolant is constantly sprayed onto the cutting area), mist coolant (where a fine mist of coolant is directed onto the cutting area), and through-tool coolant (where coolant is delivered directly through the cutting tool). Proper cooling helps to maintain dimensional accuracy, improve surface finish, and extend tool life.

Recently Developed Techniques for Machining:
Advancements in technology have led to the development of various techniques for machining. These include:

1. High-speed machining: This technique utilizes higher cutting speeds and feeds to improve productivity and achieve greater precision.

2. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining: CNC machines are automated systems that can execute pre-programmed machining operations with high accuracy and repeatability.

3. Additive manufacturing (3D printing): This technique builds parts layer by layer using materials such as plastic, metal, or composites, offering great design flexibility and reduced waste.

4. Electrical discharge machining (EDM): EDM uses electrical discharges to erode material from the workpiece, allowing for highly precise and complex shapes to be machined.

Systems for Producing Products without Manual Labor:
Automation plays a key role in modern manufacturing systems. Various systems are employed to produce products without manual labor, including:

1. Robotics: Industrial robots are programmed to perform repetitive tasks with precision and speed, reducing the need for manual labor.

2. Automated assembly lines: These systems use conveyor belts, robotic arms, and other automated equipment to streamline the production process and minimize human intervention.

3. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM): CAM systems use computer software to automate the manufacturing process, from design to production.

Components Fabricated Using Lathes:
Lathes are versatile machine tools used for shaping and machining cylindrical workpieces. They can fabricate various components, including:

1. Shafts: Lathes can accurately machine shafts of different lengths and diameters.

2. Spindles: Lathes are commonly used to fabricate spindles for machinery, which require precise dimensions and surface finishes.

3. Bushings: Lathes can produce bushings, which are cylindrical-shaped components used as bearings or as a guide for rotating shafts.

4. Pins and bolts: Lathes are ideal for producing pins and bolts, which require precision in terms of diameter, length, and surface finish.

Cutting Tool Positioning on a Lathe:
The cutting tool on a lathe is positioned using a tool post. The tool post holds the cutting tool and allows for its height, angle, and position adjustments. The cutting tool is clamped securely into the tool post, and the post can be moved along the lathe"s tool rest or compound rest to align it with the workpiece. The tool post has locking mechanisms that ensure the cutting tool remains fixed in position during machining, allowing for precise and repeatable cuts.

Workpiece Securing on a Lathe:
To secure the workpiece on a lathe, various methods can be employed:

1. Three-jaw or four-jaw chucks: These self-centering mechanisms grip the workpiece firmly and allow for easy and quick setup.

2. Collets: Collets are used for holding smaller workpieces with high precision. They can grip the workpiece from the inside or outside, depending on the design.

3. Faceplates or drive plates: These are used when the workpiece cannot be held firmly by the chuck. The workpiece is bolted or clamped onto the faceplate, which is then mounted on the lathe"s spindle.

4. Mandrels: Mandrels are used for machining internally-threaded workpieces. They are inserted inside the workpiece and held in place to ensure stability during machining.

5. Centers: For long, thin workpieces, centers are used to support the workpiece at the tailstock end. One center is fixed in the tailstock, while the other center is located on the lathe"s headstock to support the workpiece.

Please note that the examples provided are general explanations. For specific machine or process details, it is best to consult corresponding manuals or materials.

Описание:
1.Machine tools are widely used in various industries for shaping and machining materials. They are utilized to create precise components by removing excess material or shaping it to specific dimensions. Machine tools include a wide range of equipment such as lathes, milling machines, drilling machines, and grinders.

2. The predominant method of powering machine tools in contemporary times is through electricity. Electric motors provide a reliable source of power for driving various machine tool operations. They offer high torque and speed control, making them suitable for a wide range of machining tasks.

3. All machine tools have certain common features. These include a worktable or work surface, which holds the workpiece, a power source, cutting tools, a control system, and various mechanisms for moving the tools and workpiece relative to each other. Some machines also include coolant systems for maintaining appropriate cutting temperatures.

4. The cooling process during machining is carried out using coolant fluids. These fluids are directed onto the cutting tool and workpiece to dissipate heat generated during machining. Coolant fluids also help in lubricating the cutting tool, reducing friction, and prolonging tool life.

5. Recently, there have been several developments in machining techniques. Some of these include high-speed machining, which allows for increased cutting speeds and productivity. Additionally, advanced cutting tool materials and coatings, such as carbide and diamond coatings, are being used to improve tool life and accuracy.

6. Currently, various systems are used for producing products without manual labor. These include computer numerical control (CNC) machines, which are automated systems controlled by programmed instructions. CNC machines can perform complex operations with high precision, making them suitable for mass production.

7. Lathes are capable of fabricating various components, including cylindrical or tapered shapes. They are commonly used for turning, facing, drilling, and boring operations. With lathe machines, components such as shafts, rods, and bushings can be fabricated with high precision.

8. The cutting tool on a lathe is positioned using a tool holder, which holds the tool firmly in place. The tool is aligned with the workpiece using adjusting screws or knobs. The position of the cutting tool determines the shape and dimensions of the final component.

9. The workpiece on a lathe is secured using various methods, depending on its shape and size. Common methods include using a chuck, which clamps the workpiece firmly, or using centers, which support the workpiece at both ends. These methods ensure that the workpiece remains stable during machining.

Доп. материал:
1. Каким образом используются станки-инструменты?
2. Какой метод питания станков-инструментов преобладает в настоящее время?
3. Какие характерные особенности имеют все станки-инструменты?
4. Как выполняется процесс охлаждения режущего инструмента и заготовки во время обработки?
5. Какие недавно разработанные техники применяются для обработки?
6. Какие современные системы применяются для производства различных изделий без ручного труда?
7. Какие компоненты могут быть изготовлены с использованием токарных станков?
8. Как осуществляется позиционирование режущего инструмента на токарном станке?
9. Как закрепляется заготовка на токарном станке?

Совет:
To better understand the utilization of machine tools and the processes involved, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the basic principles of machining and metalworking. Additionally, studying the different types of machine tools and their specific applications will provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Practical hands-on experience with machine tools can also greatly enhance your understanding and knowledge.

Закрепляющее упражнение:
Provide a step-by-step explanation of how a lathe machine is used to fabricate a cylindrical component. Include the setup, tool selection, and machining operations involved.